diode
Pazigawo zamagetsi, chipangizo chokhala ndi ma electrode awiri omwe amalola kuti pakali pano ayende njira imodzi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzanso. Ndipo ma diode a varactor amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma capacitor osinthika amagetsi. Mayendedwe apano omwe amakhala ndi ma diode ambiri amatchedwa "kukonza" ntchito. Ntchito yodziwika bwino ya diode ndikulola kuti masiku ano adutse njira imodzi yokha (yomwe imadziwika kuti bias), ndikuyimitsa mobwerera (yotchedwa reverse bias). Chifukwa chake, ma diode amatha kuganiziridwa ngati ma valvu apakompyuta.
Ma diode amagetsi a vacuum oyambirira; Ndi chipangizo chamagetsi chomwe chingathe kuchita unidirectionally panopa. Pali mphambano ya PN yokhala ndi ma terminals awiri otsogolera mkati mwa semiconductor diode, ndipo chipangizo chamagetsi ichi chimakhala ndi unidirectional current conductivity molingana ndi momwe mphamvu yamagetsi imagwiritsidwira ntchito. Nthawi zambiri, crystal diode ndi mawonekedwe a pn-junction opangidwa ndi sintering p-type ndi n-type semiconductors. Zigawo zopangira danga zimapangidwira mbali zonse za mawonekedwe ake, kupanga malo opangira magetsi. Mphamvu yamagetsi yogwiritsidwa ntchito ikakhala yofanana ndi zero, kufalikira komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwa zonyamulira mbali zonse za pn junction ndi drift yapano yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi gawo lamagetsi lodzipangira yokha ndiyofanana komanso mumayendedwe amagetsi, omwenso ndi ofanana. mawonekedwe a diode pansi pamikhalidwe yabwinobwino.
Ma diode oyambirira ankaphatikizapo "makhiristo a ndevu zamphaka" ndi machubu otsekemera (otchedwa "thermal ionization valves" ku UK). Ma diode omwe amapezeka kwambiri masiku ano amagwiritsa ntchito zida za semiconductor monga silicon kapena germanium.

khalidwe
Zowoneka bwino
Pamene voliyumu yakutsogolo ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, kumayambiriro kwa mawonekedwe amtsogolo, voteji yakutsogolo ndi yaying'ono kwambiri ndipo sikokwanira kuthana ndi kutsekereza kwa gawo lamagetsi mkati mwa gawo la PN. Kutsogolo kuli pafupifupi ziro, ndipo gawoli limatchedwa malo akufa. Magetsi akutsogolo omwe sangathe kupanga ma diode amatchedwa dead zone voltage. Pamene voteji yakutsogolo imakhala yayikulu kuposa mphamvu yamagetsi yakufa, gawo lamagetsi mkati mwa mphambano ya PN likugonjetsedwa, diode imayendetsa kutsogolo, ndipo panopa imakula mofulumira ndi kuwonjezeka kwa magetsi. M'kati mwazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panopa, magetsi oyendetsa magetsi a diode amakhalabe osasinthasintha panthawi ya conduction, ndipo votejiyi imatchedwa kutsogolo kwa magetsi a diode. Pamene voliyumu yakutsogolo kudutsa diode iposa mtengo wina, gawo lamagetsi lamkati limafowoka mwachangu, mawonekedwe apano amakula mwachangu, ndipo diode imayang'ana kutsogolo. Amatchedwa threshold voltage kapena threshold voltage, yomwe ndi pafupifupi 0.5V ya machubu a silicon ndi pafupifupi 0.1V ya machubu a germanium. The kutsogolo conduction voteji dontho la pakachitsulo diode ndi za 0.6-0.8V, ndi kutsogolo conduction voteji dontho la germanium diode ndi za 0.2-0.3V.
Reverse polarity
Pamene voteji yogwiritsidwa ntchito sikudutsa mulingo wina, mphamvu yomwe ikudutsa mu diode ndiyomwe imapangidwa ndi kusuntha kwa zonyamula ochepa. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono, diode ili m'malo odulidwa. Kubwerera kumbuyoku kumadziwikanso kuti reverse saturation current kapena leakage current, ndipo machulukitsidwe am'mbuyo a diode amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha. Kubwerera kumbuyo kwa silicon transistor wamba ndi kochepa kwambiri kuposa kwa germanium transistor. Mtsinje wamakono wa transistor wa silicon wochepa mphamvu uli mu dongosolo la nA, pamene germanium transistor ya mphamvu yochepa ili mu dongosolo la μ A. Pamene kutentha kumakwera, semiconductor imakondwera ndi kutentha, chiwerengero cha zonyamulira ochepa amawonjezeka, ndipo reverse machulukitsidwe panopa nawonso moyenerera.

sweka
Pamene magetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito adutsa mtengo wina, mphamvu yowonongeka idzawonjezeka mwadzidzidzi, yomwe imatchedwa kuwonongeka kwa magetsi. Mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa magetsi imatchedwa diode reverse breakdown voltage. Pamene kusweka kwa magetsi kumachitika, diode imataya mphamvu yake ya unidirectional. Ngati diode si kutenthedwa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa magetsi, madutsidwe ake unidirectional mwina kuwonongedwa kwamuyaya. Ntchito yake ikhoza kubwezeretsedwanso pambuyo pochotsa magetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito, apo ayi diode idzawonongeka. Chifukwa chake, voteji yowonjezereka yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa diode iyenera kupewedwa mukamagwiritsa ntchito.
Diode ndi chida chachiwiri chokhala ndi ma unidirectional conductivity, omwe amatha kugawidwa mu ma diode apakompyuta ndi ma crystal diode. Ma diode apakompyuta ali ndi mphamvu zochepa kuposa ma crystal diode chifukwa cha kutentha kwa filament, kotero samawoneka kawirikawiri. Ma diode a Crystal ndiwofala kwambiri komanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Unidirectional conductivity wa ma diode amagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi mabwalo onse amagetsi, ndipo ma semiconductor diode amagwira ntchito yofunikira m'mabwalo ambiri. Ndi amodzi mwa zida zakale kwambiri za semiconductor ndipo ali ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana.
Kutsika kwamagetsi a kutsogolo kwa silicon diode (mtundu wosawala) ndi 0.7V, pomwe kutsika kwamagetsi kwa germanium diode ndi 0.3V. Kutsika kwamagetsi akutsogolo kwa diode yotulutsa kuwala kumasiyanasiyana ndi mitundu yowala yosiyana. Pali mitundu itatu, ndipo voteji yeniyeni ya dontho la voliyumu ndi motere: kutsika kwa voteji ya red light-emitting diode ndi 2.0-2.2V, kutsika kwa voteji kwa yellow light-emitting diode ndi 1.8-2.0V, ndi voteji dontho la green light-emitting diode ndi 3.0-3.2V. Zomwe zidavotera panthawi yomwe kuwala kwanthawi zonse kumakhala pafupifupi 20mA.
Mphamvu yamagetsi ndi yapano ya diode sizigwirizana, chifukwa chake polumikiza ma diode osiyanasiyana mofananira, zopinga zoyenera ziyenera kulumikizidwa.

Khalidwe lopindika
Monga zolumikizira za PN, ma diode amakhala ndi ma unidirectional conductivity. Mtundu wa volt ampere wopindika wa silicon diode. Pamene magetsi akutsogolo akugwiritsidwa ntchito ku diode, zamakono zimakhala zochepa kwambiri pamene mtengo wamagetsi uli wotsika; Mphamvu yamagetsi ikadutsa 0.6V, yapano imayamba kuchulukirachulukira, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa kutembenuka kwamagetsi a diode; Mphamvu yamagetsi ikafika pafupifupi 0.7V, diode imakhala pamalo abwino kwambiri, omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa ma conduction voltage a diode, omwe amaimiridwa ndi chizindikiro UD.
Kwa ma diode a germanium, voteji yoyatsa ndi 0.2V ndipo voteji ya conduction UD ndi pafupifupi 0.3V. Mphamvu yamagetsi ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pa diode, yapano imakhala yaying'ono kwambiri pomwe voteji ili yotsika, ndipo mtengo wake wapano ndi machulukitsidwe apano IS. Mphamvu yamagetsi ikadutsa mtengo wina, mphamvuyi imayamba kuwonjezeka kwambiri, yomwe imatchedwa reverse breakdown. Mphamvuyi imatchedwa reverse breakdown voltage ya diode ndipo imayimiridwa ndi chizindikiro cha UBR. Ma voliyumu owonongeka a UBR amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma diode amasiyana kwambiri, kuyambira makumi a ma volts mpaka ma volts masauzande angapo.

Kubwerera mmbuyo
Kuwonongeka kwa Zener
Kuwonongeka kwapambuyo kumatha kugawidwa m'mitundu iwiri kutengera makinawo: kuwonongeka kwa Zener ndi kuwonongeka kwa Avalanche. Pankhani ya kuchuluka kwa doping, chifukwa chakuchepa kwa chigawo chotchinga komanso mphamvu yayikulu yosinthira, mawonekedwe a covalent bond m'chigawo chotchinga amawonongeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma elekitironi a valence amasuke ku ma covalent bond ndikupanga ma electron hole awiriawiri, kuchititsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa panopa. Kuwonongeka uku kumatchedwa kuwonongeka kwa Zener. Ngati ndende ya doping ndi yotsika ndipo m'lifupi mwa dera lotchinga ndi lalikulu, sikophweka kuyambitsa kuwonongeka kwa Zener.

Kuwonongeka kwa avalanche
Mtundu wina wa kuwonongeka ndi kuwonongeka kwa avalanche. Mphamvu yamagetsi ikakwera kufika pamtengo waukulu, gawo lamagetsi lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito limafulumizitsa kuthamanga kwa ma elekitironi, zomwe zimapangitsa kugundana ndi ma elekitironi a valence mu covalent chomangira, kuwachotsa mu covalent chomangira ndikupanga ma electron hole awiriawiri. Mabowo a ma elekitironi omwe angopangidwa kumene amafulumizitsidwa ndi gawo lamagetsi ndikuwombana ndi ma elekitironi ena a valence, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chipwirikiti chofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa onyamula katundu komanso kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwapano. Kuwonongeka kwamtunduwu kumatchedwa kuwonongeka kwa avalanche. Mosasamala mtundu wa kusweka, ngati panopa si malire, zingayambitse kuwonongeka kosatha kwa PN mphambano.