Ma LED oyambilira a GaP ndi GaAsP ophatikizira ofiira, achikasu, ndi obiriwira otsika kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 1970 adayikidwa pamagetsi owonetsa, digito ndi zolemba. Kuyambira pamenepo, LED anayamba kulowa m'madera ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zamlengalenga, ndege, magalimoto, ntchito mafakitale, mauthenga, ogula zinthu, etc., kuphimba mbali zosiyanasiyana za chuma dziko ndi zikwi za mabanja. Pofika mu 1996, malonda a LED padziko lonse adafika mabiliyoni a madola. Ngakhale kuti ma LED akhala ochepa chifukwa cha mtundu ndi kuwala kowala kwa zaka zambiri, GaP ndi GaAsLEDs akhala akuyanjidwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito chifukwa cha moyo wawo wautali, kudalirika kwakukulu, kutsika kwaposachedwa, kugwirizana ndi mabwalo a digito a TTL ndi CMOS, ndi maubwino ena ambiri.
M'zaka khumi zapitazi, zowala kwambiri komanso zamitundu yonse zakhala zotsogola pakufufuza kwa zida za LED ndiukadaulo wa zida. Kuwala kopitilira muyeso (UHB) kumatanthawuza ku LED yokhala ndi mphamvu yowoneka bwino ya 100mcd kapena kupitilira apo, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Candela (cd) level LED. Kupita patsogolo kwa kuwala kwapamwamba kwa A1GaInP ndi InGaNFED ndikwachangu kwambiri, ndipo tsopano kwafika pamlingo wa magwiridwe antchito omwe zida zodziwika bwino za GaA1As, GaAsP, ndi GaP sizingakwaniritse. Mu 1991, Toshiba waku Japan ndi HP waku United States adapanga InGaA1P620nm orange Ultra-high kuwala kwa LED, ndipo mu 1992, InGaA1P590nm yachikasu yowala kwambiri ya LED idagwiritsidwa ntchito. M'chaka chomwechi, Toshiba adapanga InGaA1P573nm yachikasu yobiriwira yowala kwambiri komanso kuwala kwabwinobwino kwa 2cd. Mu 1994, Nichia Corporation yaku Japan idapanga InGaN450nm buluu (wobiriwira) wowala kwambiri wa LED. Pakadali pano, mitundu itatu yayikulu yofunikira pakuwonetsa mitundu, yofiira, yobiriwira, yabuluu, komanso ma LED alalanje ndi achikasu, yonse yafika pamlingo wowala kwambiri wa Candela, ndikuwala kwambiri komanso mawonekedwe amitundu yonse, kupangitsa kunja kudzaza- chiwonetsero chamitundu cha machubu otulutsa kuwala ndi chenicheni. Kukula kwa LED m'dziko lathu kudayamba m'ma 1970, ndipo makampani adatulukira m'ma 1980. Pali mabizinesi opitilira 100 m'dziko lonselo, pomwe 95% ya opanga amapanga zinthu zonyamula katundu, ndipo pafupifupi tchipisi zonse zofunika zimatumizidwa kuchokera kunja. Kupyolera mu "Mapulani a Zaka Zisanu" zingapo zakusintha kwaukadaulo, kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, kuyambitsa zida zapamwamba zakunja ndi matekinoloje ena ofunikira, ukadaulo waku China wopanga zida za LED wapita patsogolo.

1, Magwiridwe a kuwala kwambiri kwa LED:
Poyerekeza ndi GaAsP GaPLED, A1GaAsLED yowala kwambiri imakhala yowala kwambiri, ndipo kuwala kowala kowoneka bwino (TS) A1GaAsLED (640nm) kuli pafupi ndi 10lm/w, yomwe ndi yayikulu nthawi 10 kuposa ya GaAsP GaPLED yofiira. Kuwala kwambiri kwa InGaAlPLED kumapereka mitundu yofanana ndi ya GaAsP GaPLED, kuphatikiza: wobiriwira wachikasu (560nm), wobiriwira wobiriwira wachikasu (570nm), wachikasu (585nm), wachikasu (590nm), lalanje (605nm), ndi ofiira owala (625nm) , wofiira kwambiri (640nm)). Poyerekeza mphamvu yowala ya gawo lapansi lowonekera la A1GaInPLED ndi zida zina za LED ndi zowunikira zowunikira, kuwala kowala kwa InGaAlPLED absorbing substrate (AS) ndi 101m/w, komanso kuwala kowala kwa substrate transparent (TS) ndi 201m/w, yomwe ndi 10 -20 nthawi zambiri kuposa za GaAsP GaPLED mu kutalika kwa 590-626nm; Mu kutalika kwa mawonekedwe a 560-570, ndi 2-4 nthawi zambiri kuposa GaAsP GaPLED. Kuwala kwambiri kwa InGaNFED kumapereka kuwala kwa buluu ndi wobiriwira, ndi kutalika kwa kutalika kwa 450-480nm kwa buluu, 500nm kwa buluu-wobiriwira, ndi 520nm wobiriwira; Kuwala kwake kowala ndi 3-151m/w. Kuwala kwamakono kwa nyali zowala kwambiri zaposa nyali za incandescent zokhala ndi zosefera, ndipo zimatha kusintha nyali za incandescent ndi mphamvu yosakwana 1 watt. Kuphatikiza apo, zida za LED zitha kusintha nyali za incandescent ndi mphamvu zosakwana 150 watts. Pazinthu zambiri, mababu a incandescent amagwiritsa ntchito zosefera kuti apeze mitundu yofiira, lalanje, yobiriwira, ndi buluu, pomwe kugwiritsa ntchito ma LED owala kwambiri amatha kukhala ndi mtundu womwewo. M'zaka zaposachedwa, ma LED owala kwambiri opangidwa ndi zida za AlGaInP ndi InGaN aphatikiza tchipisi tambiri (zofiira, buluu, zobiriwira) zowala kwambiri, kulola mitundu yosiyanasiyana popanda kufunikira kwa zosefera. Kuphatikizapo zofiira, lalanje, zachikasu, zobiriwira, ndi zabuluu, kuwala kwake kwakhala kopambana kuposa nyali za incandescent ndipo kuli pafupi ndi nyali za kutsogolo kwa fulorosenti. Kuwala kowala kwapitilira 1000mcd, komwe kumatha kukwaniritsa zosowa zakunja kwanyengo yonse komanso mawonekedwe amitundu yonse. Chophimba chachikulu chamtundu wa LED chimatha kuyimira thambo ndi nyanja, ndikukwaniritsa makanema ojambula a 3D. Mbadwo watsopano wa ma LED ofiira, obiriwira, ndi abuluu owoneka bwino kwambiri apambana kuposa kale

2, Kugwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwapamwamba kwambiri kwa LED:
Chizindikiro chagalimoto: Magetsi owonetsera galimoto kunja kwa galimoto amakhala makamaka magetsi owongolera, ma taillights, ndi mabuleki; Mkati mwa galimotoyo makamaka amatumikira monga kuunikira ndi kuwonetsera kwa zida zosiyanasiyana. Kuwala kopitilira muyeso kwa LED kuli ndi zabwino zambiri poyerekeza ndi nyali zachikhalidwe zamagalimoto zamagalimoto zamagalimoto, ndipo ili ndi msika waukulu pamsika wamagalimoto. Ma LED amatha kupirira kugwedezeka kwamphamvu kwamakina ndi kugwedezeka. Avereji yogwira ntchito ya MTBF ya magetsi a ma brake a LED ndi maulamuliro angapo apamwamba kuposa a mababu a incandescent, kupitilira moyo wogwirira ntchito wagalimoto yokha. Chifukwa chake, nyali za brake za LED zitha kupakidwa zonse popanda kuganizira kukonza. Transparent substrate Al GaAs ndi AlInGaPLED ali ndi mphamvu yowala kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mababu a incandescent okhala ndi zosefera, zomwe zimalola kuti magetsi a ma brake a LED azigwira ntchito pamafunde otsika, nthawi zambiri 1/4 yokha ya mababu a incandescent, potero amachepetsa mtunda womwe magalimoto amatha kuyenda. Mphamvu yamagetsi yotsika imatha kuchepetsanso kuchuluka ndi kulemera kwa makina opangira ma waya mkati mwagalimoto, komanso kuchepetsa kutentha kwamkati kwa magetsi ophatikizika a LED, kulola kugwiritsa ntchito mapulasitiki okhala ndi kukana kutentha kwa magalasi ndi nyumba. Nthawi yoyankhira magetsi a ma brake a LED ndi 100ns, yomwe ndi yaifupi kuposa ya nyali za incandescent, zomwe zimasiya nthawi yochulukirapo yochitira madalaivala ndikuwongolera chitetezo chagalimoto. Kuwala ndi mtundu wa magetsi owonetsera kunja kwa galimoto amafotokozedwa momveka bwino. Ngakhale kuyatsa kwamkati kwamagalimoto sikuyendetsedwa ndi madipatimenti aboma oyenerera monga magetsi akunja akunja, opanga magalimoto ali ndi zofunika pamtundu ndi kuwunikira kwa ma LED. GaPLED yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto, ndipo kuwala kopitilira muyeso AlGaInP ndi InGaNFED zidzalowa m'malo mwa mababu ambiri a incandescent m'magalimoto chifukwa chotha kukwaniritsa zofunikira za opanga potengera mtundu ndi kuwunikira. Kuchokera pamalingaliro amtengo wapatali, ngakhale kuti magetsi a LED akadali okwera mtengo poyerekeza ndi magetsi a incandescent, palibe kusiyana kwakukulu pamtengo pakati pa machitidwe awiriwo. Ndi chitukuko chowoneka bwino cha kuwala kwambiri kwa TSAlGaAs ndi ma AlGaInP ma LED, mitengo yakhala ikutsika mosalekeza m'zaka zaposachedwa, ndipo kukula kwake kudzakhala kokulirapo mtsogolomu.

Chizindikiro cha magalimoto: Kugwiritsa ntchito ma LED owala kwambiri m'malo mwa nyali zowunikira zowunikira pamsewu, magetsi ochenjeza, ndi magetsi osindikizira tsopano zafalikira padziko lonse lapansi, ndi msika wotakata komanso kufunikira komwe kukukulirakulira. Malinga ndi ziwerengero za Dipatimenti Yoona za Mayendedwe ku United States m’chaka cha 1994, ku United States kunali mphambano zokwana 260000 kumene zizindikiro zamagalimoto zinkaikidwa, ndipo mphambano iliyonse iyenera kukhala ndi zizindikiro zosachepera 12 zofiira, zachikasu, ndi zobiriwira. M mphambano zambiri zimakhalanso ndi zikwangwani zowonjezera zosinthira ndi nyali zochenjeza oyenda pansi powoloka msewu. Mwanjira imeneyi, pakhoza kukhala magetsi 20 pa mphambano iliyonse, ndipo ayenera kuyatsa nthawi imodzi. Titha kunena kuti pali magetsi pafupifupi 135 miliyoni ku United States. Pakalipano, kugwiritsa ntchito ma ultra-high kuwala kwa LED m'malo mwa nyali zachikhalidwe za incandescent kwapeza zotsatira zazikulu zochepetsera kutaya mphamvu. Japan imagwiritsa ntchito magetsi okwana 1 miliyoni pachaka pamagetsi apamsewu, ndipo pambuyo posintha mababu a incandescent ndi ma LED owala kwambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi ndi 12% yokha ya choyambirira.
Akuluakulu oyenerera m'dziko lililonse ayenera kukhazikitsa malamulo ofananira nawo a magetsi amtundu wa magalimoto, kutchula mtundu wa chizindikirocho, mphamvu yowunikira pang'ono, kapangidwe kake kagawidwe ka mtengo, ndi zofunikira pakuyikapo. Ngakhale kuti zofunikirazi zimachokera ku mababu a incandescent, nthawi zambiri zimagwira ntchito pa nyali zowala kwambiri za LED zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panopa. Poyerekeza ndi nyali za incandescent, magetsi amtundu wa LED amakhala ndi moyo wautali wogwira ntchito, nthawi zambiri mpaka zaka 10. Poganizira zotsatira za malo ovuta akunja, moyo woyembekezeredwa uyenera kuchepetsedwa mpaka zaka 5-6. Pakalipano, kuwala kwapamwamba kwambiri kwa AlGaInP kofiira, lalanje, ndi ma LED achikasu apangidwa ndi mafakitale ndipo ndi otsika mtengo. Ngati ma module opangidwa ndi ma LED owoneka bwino kwambiri agwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa mitu yamtundu wamtundu wofiira wa incandescent, kukhudzidwa kwachitetezo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kulephera kwadzidzidzi kwa nyali zofiira kumatha kuchepetsedwa. Ma module amtundu wamtundu wamtundu wa LED amakhala ndi ma seti angapo amagetsi olumikizidwa a LED. Kutenga 12 inchi yofiira yofiira ya LED yowunikira chizindikiro monga chitsanzo, mu 3-9 ma seti a magetsi ogwirizana a LED, chiwerengero cha nyali zolumikizidwa za LED mu seti iliyonse ndi 70-75 (chiwerengero cha 210-675 LED magetsi). Kuwala kumodzi kwa LED kukalephera, kumangokhudza chizindikiro chimodzi, ndipo magawo otsalawo adzachepetsedwa kukhala 2/3 (67%) kapena 8/9 (89%) yapachiyambi, popanda kuchititsa kuti mutu wonse wa chizindikiro ulephereke. ngati nyali za incandescent.
Vuto lalikulu la ma modules amtundu wa LED ndikuti mtengo wopanga udakali wokwera. Kutengera gawo la 12 inch TS AlGaAs yofiira yamtundu wamtundu wa LED monga chitsanzo, idagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba mu 1994 pamtengo wa $350. Pofika chaka cha 1996, gawo la 12 inch AlGaInP LED chizindikiro cha traffic yokhala ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino inali ndi mtengo wa $200.

Zikuyembekezeka kuti posachedwapa, mtengo wa InGaN blue-green LED traffic signal modules udzafanana ndi AlGaInP. Ngakhale mtengo wa incandescent magalimoto chizindikiro mitu ndi otsika, iwo amadya kwambiri magetsi. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa 12 inch diameter incandescent traffic sign mutu ndi 150W, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa nyali yochenjeza pamsewu ndi mayendedwe ndi 67W. Malinga ndi kuwerengetsera, mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yapachaka yamagetsi opangira magetsi pamtunda uliwonse ndi 18133KWh, yofanana ndi ndalama yamagetsi yapachaka ya $ 1450; Komabe, ma module amtundu wamtundu wa LED ndiwopatsa mphamvu kwambiri, ndipo gawo lililonse la 8-12 inchi lofiira lamtundu wa LED limagwiritsa ntchito 15W ndi 20W yamagetsi motsatana. Zizindikiro za LED pamphambano zimatha kuwonetsedwa ndi ma switch switch, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya 9W yokha. Malinga ndi kuwerengetsa, mphambano iliyonse imatha kupulumutsa 9916KWh yamagetsi pachaka, zomwe zimafanana ndi kupulumutsa $793 pamabilu amagetsi pachaka. Malingana ndi mtengo wapakati wa $ 200 pa gawo la chizindikiro cha magalimoto a LED, gawo lofiira lamtundu wa LED likhoza kubwezeretsanso mtengo wake woyambirira pambuyo pa zaka 3 pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi opulumutsidwa okha, ndikuyamba kulandira kubwerera kwachuma kosalekeza. Choncho, pakali pano kugwiritsa ntchito ma modules a AlGaInLED, ngakhale kuti mtengowo ukhoza kuwoneka wokwera, udakali wokwera mtengo pakapita nthawi.